Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid present in greater amounts than any other amino acid in the body fluid and cells. Therefore, it is usually rare for one to have a glutamine deficiency. One of the well-established roles of glutamine in human health is its contribution to the integrity of the intestinal mucosa. Glutamine is a critical nitrogen source for rapidly dividing cells, such as those that line the gastro-intestinal tract.
Metabolic Functions of Glutamine:
- Alternative energy source
- DNA & RNA synthesis precursor
- Neurotransmitter precursor
- Acid/Base balance
- Ureagenesis
- Precursor for other dispensable amino acids, amino sugars, and other compounds
- Major component of amino acid pools
Indications of Glutamine Deficiency:
- Persisting and/or severe intestinal disorder
- Major trauma (burns, surgery)
- Severe illness or injury
- Low muscle mass
- High levels of stress
Health Problems Associated to Glutamine Deficiency:
- ADHD – Precursor for the calming neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) that affects mood, focus & hyperactivity. Disruption of the glutamine-containing neurotransmission systems may cause ADHD.
- Autism – Blood levels of this amino acid, which acts as a neurotransmitter, are particularly low in autistics. Glutamine also helps prevent leaky gut syndrome which can exacerbate autistic symptoms.
- Diabetes – Stimulates a hormone called GLP- l (glucagon-like peptide l) that regulates insulin secretion after meals. Improves insulin signaling & sensitivity.
- Fatigue – Mental and physical fatigue coincides with reduced levels of this amino acid in various tissues. Supplementation makes muscle more sensitive to insulin, increasing energy levels.
- Gastrointestinal Health – Preferred fuel for enterocytes (small intestine cells), which use the most glutamine in the entire body. Keeps the junctions between intestinal epithelial cells tight so foreign proteins cannot enter bloodstream.
- Inflammation – Decreases cytokine production. Invokes an anti-inflammatory response. Precursor to Glutathione.
- Sports Nutrition – Glutamine depletion compromises immunity in many athletes after intense physical training. Glutamine supplementation by marathoners reduced post-race infections.
- Weight Management – Reduces fat mass by improving glucose uptake into muscle.
How to Acquire Glutamine:
- Grass-fed beef, pork and chicken
- Organ meat especially liver
- Seafood
- Dairy
- Eggs
- Cabbage
- Nuts
- Beans
- Legumes
